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Tiberio Crispo (1498 – October 10, 1566), the son of Giovanni Battista Crispo and Silvia Ruffini, who, after her husband's death, was the mistress of Alessandro Farnese. It was believed that Tiberio was aa illegitimate son of Farnese, who became Pope Paul III. He was certainly a natural brother of Costanza Farnese (born ca. 1500)〔(Roberto Zapperi, "Costanza Farnese," ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' 45 (1995) )〕 and Ranuccio Farnese (died 1529), the two undisputed legitimate children of Paul III, were born before his election as pope in 1534.〔Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "(Salvador Miranda: Consistory of December 19, 1544 )".〕〔〔Abd-el-Kader Salza, "Pasquiniana," ''Giornale storico della letteratura italiana'' (ed. Novati and Renier) 43 (Torino: Ermanno Loescher 1904), p. 200〕 ==Biography== Tiberio Crispo began his career as a Canon and Prebendary of the Vatican Basilica.〔F. M. Torrigio, ''Le sacre grotte Vaticane'' terza impressione (Roma 1675), p. 612〕 On April 11, 1543, Pope Paul III granted him the right of making his own will.〔Cajetanus Cennius et Antonius Martinetti, ''Collectionis Bullarum brevium aliorumque diplomatum Sacrosanctae Basilicae Vaticanae Tomus Secundus'' (Roma 1750), pp. 435-436.〕 He was also ''cubicularius secretus''. From June, 1542 to April, 1545, Crispo was the castellan of Castel Sant'Angelo.〔George Anthony Bull. 1999. ''Michelangelo: Life, Letters, and Poetry: Life, Letters, and Poetry''. Oxford University Press. p. 169. P. Pagliucci, ''I Castellani del Castel S. Angelo'' I (Roma 1906), pp. 108-114.〕 He was appointed Bishop of Sessa Aurunca in Campania, in the province of Caserta in the Kingdom of Naples, on July 6, 1543, though he resigned the post in the next year in favor Bartolommeo Albano,〔It is reported that Bartolommeo Albano was Tiberio Crispo's nephew: Tommaso de Masi, ''Memorie istoriche degli Aurunci antichissimi popoli dell'Italia'' (Napoli 1761), p. 138. If this is correct, then one should note that Tiberio Crispo had a sister. Cf. F. Ughelli and N. Colet, ''Italia sacra'' VI (Venice 1720), p. 545: ''Bartholomeus Albanus, Urbevetanus, Crispi Cardinals ex sorore nepos''.〕 who was appointed on June 7, 1544.〔G. Gulik and C. Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica'' editio altera (curavit J. Schmitz-Kellenberg) (Monsterii 1923), p. 305. Lorenzo Cardella, ''Memorie de' Cardinali della Chiesa Romana Santa'' IV, 272, exaggerates in giving Tiberio Crispo three years in office.〕 Tiberio Crispo was raised to the cardinalate on December 19, 1544 by Paul III. He was assigned the deaconry of S. Agata de' Goti from 1545 to 1551. On November 20, 1551 he was promoted to the Order of Cardinal Priests, but he was allowed to continue to hold the deaconry of S. Agata as though it were a ''titulus'', ''pro illa vice'' (on that one occasion) until 1562.〔Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "(Deaconries )".〕 On May 18, 1562 he was promoted Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere.〔Gulik and Eubel, p. 66.〕 He was appointed Administrator of the Diocese of Sessa Aurunca (1565–June 27, 1566), during the vacancy caused by the death of Bishop Galeazzo Florimonte.〔Gulik and Eubel, p. 305. He was not Bishop a second time.〕 As papal legate to Perugia, Crispo was a "driving force behind the architectural renewal of the city".〔Jane Turner. 2000. ''Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist Art'', 2 volumes. Grove's Dictionaries. ISBN 0333760948. p. 30.〕 For example, in 1547 Crispo commissioned Galeazzo Alessi for the construction of Santa Maria del Popolo to replace a church demolished by the construction of the Via Nuova.〔Adolf K. Placzek. 1982. ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects''. Collier Macmillan. ISBN 0029250005. p. 63.〕〔"(Santa Maria del Popolo (ca. 1547) )".〕 He also commissioned a palace in Bolsena that bears his name, ''Palazzo di Tiberio Crispo'' (also known as the ''Palazzo Crispo Marsciano'' or ''Palazzo Rondanini alla Rotonda''), which was designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger circa 1543;〔Michele D'Innella. ''Umbria''. ISBN 8836528376. p. 184.〕 after the death of Sangallo in 1546, Raffaello da Montelupo was called in to finish the palace, which remained incomplete, however, after the deaths of both Crispo and Raffaello in 1566.〔The palace was bought incomplete by Ludovico Marsciano in 1582: "(Orvieto - Walk I )".〕 Historical research indicates that Crispo also likely owned the "''Palazzo Nobile''" in Rome, a palace originally commissioned for Thomas Cardinal Wolsey circa 1507 before passing to the Aldobrandini family; Crispo likely commissioned the 400 square metres of frescos in the palace which celebrate the life of Paul III.〔Guido Di Capua. "("The Conservative Restoration Project for the Property on the First Floor of the 'Palazzo Nobile' at 48 Piazza Rondanini in Rome" ).〕 After the death of Paul III, Crispo participated in the conclaves of 1549-1550〔(Sede Vacante and Conclave of 10 November 1549--8 February 1550 (Dr. J. P. Adams). )〕 (administrator of Amalfi at the time), April 1555 (administrator of Sessa Arunca and Amalfi at the time),〔(Sede Vacante and Conclave of 23 March--9 April, 1555 (Dr. J. P. Adams). )〕 May 1555,〔(Sede Vacante and Conclave of 1-23 May, 1555 (Dr. J. P. Adams). )〕 1559,〔(Sede Vacante and Conclave of 18 August-- 25 December, 1559 (Dr. J. P. Adams). )〕 1565-1566〔(Sede Vacante and Conclave of 9 December, 1565--7 January, 1566 (Dr. J. P. Adams). )〕 (bishop of Sabina at the time).〔Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "(Conclaves of the 16th Century (1503–1592) )".〕 Research related to the life and patronage of Crispo is ongoing in historical archives in Rome (States Archives, Vatican Secret Archives, Vatican Library) and Umbria (States Archives of Foligno, Historical Diocesan Archives of Perugia, States Archives of Perugia).〔Antonio Pinelli. "(Art and politics: public and private celebrations. Case studies, tipologies and comparisons. )." 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